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		Research Phylogeography of the neotropical Anopheles triannulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) supports deep structure and complex patterns Marta Moreno, Sara Bickersmith, Wesley Harlow, Jessica Hildebrandt, Sascha N McKeon, Teresa Fernandes Silva-do-Nascimento, Jose R Loaiza, Freddy Ruiz, Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira, Maria AM Sallum, Eduardo S Bergo, Gary N Fritz, Richard C Wilkerson, Yvonne M Linton, Maria J Dantur Juri, Yadira Rangel, Marinete M Póvoa, Lina A Gutiérrez-Builes, Margarita M Correa, Jan E Conn Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:47 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary We examined the molecular phylogenetic relationships and population structure of the species of the Anopheles triannulatus complex (Anopheles triannulatus s.s., Anopheles halophylus and the putative species Anopheles triannulatus C) using the mitochondrial COI gene, the nuclear white gene and rDNA ITS2. Image: Origin of the samples.
		Research Comparative field evaluation of combinations of long-lasting insecticide treated nets and indoor residual spraying, relative to either method alone, for malaria prevention in an area where the main vector is Anopheles arabiensis Fredros O Okumu, Edgar Mbeyela, Godfrey Lingamba, Jason Moore, Alex J Ntamatungiro, Deo R Kavishe, Michael G Kenward, Elizabeth Turner, Lena M Lorenz, Sarah J Moore Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:46 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary Where the primary malaria vector is Anopheles arabiensis, adding IRS into houses with intact pyrethroid based LLINs does not enhance protection, except where the IRS employs highly mosquitocidal non-pyrethroids. In contrast, adding intact nets onto IRS enhances protection by preventing mosquito blood feeding (even if the nets are non-insecticidal) and by modestly increasing mosquito mortality (in case of LLINs). The primary mode of action of intact LLINs against An. arabiensis is demonstrated here to be primarily bite prevention rather than insecticidal activity. Image: A diagrammatic representation of simultaneous use of bednets and indoor residual spraying in the same house.
		Research Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Spirocerca lupi: sequence, gene organization and phylogenetic implications Guo-Hua Liu, Yan Wang, Hui-Qun Song, Ming-Wei Li, Lin Ai, Xing-Long Yu, Xing-Quan Zhu Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:45 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Spirocerca lupi is 13,780 bp in length, including 12 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes and two rRNA genes, but lacks the atp8 gene, providing novel markers for studying the molecular epidemiology and population genetics of this parasite. Image: Arrangement of Spirocerca lupi mitochondrial genome.
		Research Blood meal origins and insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles arabiensis from Chano in South-West Ethiopia Fekadu Massebo, Meshesha Balkew, Teshome Gebre-Michael, Bernt Lindtjørn Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:44 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary The greater tendency of An. arabiensis to feed on cattle justifies the application of insecticides on cattle to provide a significant protection from malaria infection. But, An. arabiensis has already developed resistance to the available insecticides, and alternative insecticides are needed. Image: Domestic animals are in an open condition every night in the study village.
		Research Spatial abundance and clustering of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on a local scale Carsten Kirkeby, René Bødker, Anders Stockmarr, Peter Lind Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:43 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary We conducted a comprehensive study of the spatial distribution of Culicoides vectors on a single field. The impact of temporal and spatial factors was quantified. We identified a dynamic pattern of spatial clustering significantly affecting estimates of abundance. Image: An author in the light of one of the light traps used in the study.
		Research Development of an in vitro drug sensitivity assay for Trichuris muris first-stage larvae David Wimmersberger, Lucienne Tritten, Jennifer Keiser Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:42 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary We describe the development of a novel drug sensitivity assay for Trichuris muris first-stage larvae (L1). The established L1 motility assay provided accurate and reproducible drug effect data in vitro and will therefore serve as a useful tool in drug discovery for trichuriasis. Image: Trichuris muris first-stage larva.
		Research Multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Cameroon, Central Africa Philippe Nwane, Josiane Etang, Mouhamadou Chouaїbou, Jean Toto, Alphonsine Koffi, Rémy Mimpfoundi, Frédéric Simard Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:41 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This study reveals the involvement of kdr mutations and detoxification enzymes in insecticide resistance of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l from Cameroon and suggests the potential utility of synergists in mitigating resistance to insecticides. Image: A microplate showing simultaneous identification of kdr alleles in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l.
		Research Blastocystis infection in Malaysia: Evidence of waterborne and human-to-human transmissions among the Proto-Malay, Negrito and Senoi tribes of Orang Asli Tengku Shahrul Anuar, Mohamed Kamel Abdul Ghani, Siti Nor Azreen, Fatmah Md Salleh, Norhayati Moktar Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:40 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary This cross-sectional study reports the prevalence and risk factors of Blastocystis infection among three tribes of Orang Asli in Malaysia. Image: The Negrito tribe of Orang Asli.
		Research Can malaria vector control accelerate the interruption of lymphatic filariasis transmission in Africa; capturing a window of opportunity? Louise A Kelly-Hope, David H Molyneux, Moses J Bockarie Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:39 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This study examined the potential additive impact of malaria vector control in African countries that are endemic for lymphatic filariasis, and yet to start or fully scale-up mass drug administration for the elimination of disease. Image: Sub-national distribution of bed nets.
		Letter to the Editor Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans – focus on central and eastern parts of Europe Aleksander Masny, Elżbieta Gołąb, Danuta Cielecka, Rusłan Sałamatin Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:38 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Over 60% of European human cases of Dirofilaria repens infection were detected in central and eastern Europe. Current geographic range of Acanthocheilonema reconditum and Dirofilaria immitis encompasses Poland. The question concerning the routes of spreading of vector-borne helminths in Europe remains open. Image:Cross-section of male Dirofilaria repens from subcutaneous nodule.
		Research The bionomics of Anopheles merus (Diptera: Culicidae) along the Kenyan coast Pamela C Kipyab, Battan M Khaemba, Joseph M Mwangangi, Charles M Mbogo Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:37 (14 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Aspects of the biology and ecology of Anopheles merus, a subspecies of Anopheles gambiae sl., are discussed. An. merus is found only along the East coast of Africa. Evidence-based findings from this study on its resting, feeding and transmission potential will be useful for the planning of control strategies for malaria vectors. Image: Sea water left behind after a tide in Garithe along the Kenyan coast, which is a typical breeding site of Anopheles merus.
		Research Transinfected Wolbachia have minimal effects on male reproductive success in Aedes aegypti Andrew P Turley, Myron P Zalucki, Scott L O’Neill, Elizabeth A McGraw Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:36 (11 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary The insect endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis is being tested in open field release as a biocontrol agent against dengue virus in mosquitoes. In male mosquitoes we show that sperm quality and ability to repeat mate are unaffected by Wolbachia, which bodes well for its capacity to spread into wild populations. Image: Blood fed female Aedes aegypti.
		Research Genetic characterization of Theileria equi infecting horses in North America: evidence for a limited source of U.S. introductions Carina M Hall, Joseph D Busch, Glen A Scoles, Kristina A Palma-Cagle, Massaro W Ueti, Lowell S Kappmeyer, David M Wagner Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:35 (11 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This study found North American Theileria equi were placed in two of the four previously described 18S groups. We also found a large amount of microsatellite diversity in U.S. isolates using a novel MSAT genotyping panel we developed using the first T. equi whole genome sequence. Image: Maltese cross formation within erythrocyte.
		Research Induction of long-lasting protective immunity against Toxoplasma gondii in BALB/c mice by recombinant surface antigen 1 protein encapsulated in poly (lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles Shu-Chun Chuang, Jing-Chun Ko, Chaio-Ping Chen, Jia-Tze Du, Chung-Da Yang Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:34 (11 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary We have successfully encapsulated rSAG1 with poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) polymers to produce stable microparticles that can induce long-lasting immunity to protect BALB/c mice against Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite infection. Image: PLG-encapsulated rSAG1 microparticles.
		Research Hybridization between two cestode species and its consequences for intermediate host range Tina Henrich, Daniel P Benesh, Martin Kalbe Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:33 (7 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Our study shows that hybridization between two highly host-specific fish parasites - Schistocephalus solidus and S. pungitii - is possible. The hybrids expand their host range and can, unlike their parental species, now infect both fish hosts. Image: Stickleback infected with multiple Schistocephalus plerocercoids.
		Research Analysis of kinetoplast cytochrome b gene of 16 Leishmania isolates from different foci of China: different species of Leishmania in China and their phylogenetic inference Bin-Bin Yang, Da-Li Chen, Jian-Ping Chen, Lin Liao, Xiao-Su Hu, Jia-Nan Xu Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:32 (5 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary In this paper, the cyt b gene of Leishmania from China was sequenced and analyzed using bioinformatics methods to discuss in detail the implications of relationships between strains in China and other locations. Image: The phylogenetic network of the Leishmania cyt b sequences was built with 1000 bootstrap replicates.
		Research Acetylcholinesterase of the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli): cDNA sequence, baculovirus expression, and biochemical properties Kevin B Temeyer, Danett K Brake, Alexander P Tuckow, Andrew Y Li, Adalberto A Pérez deLeón Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:31 (4 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The cDNA sequence encoding acetylcholinesterase of Phlebotomus papatasi was discovered and expressed in baculovirus, enabling biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme, a major target of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Image: Alignment of P. papatasi sequence to D. melanogaster AChE structure. Identical residues in red, variable in blue, gaps in grey (Courtesy A.P.Tuckow).
		Research Insecticidal and genotoxic activity of Psoralea corylifolia Linn. (Fabaceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 Virendra K Dua, Arvind Kumar, Akhilesh C Pandey, Sandeep Kumar Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:30 (4 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The present work describes the insecticidal and genotoxic activity of Psoralea corylifolia against Culex quinquefasciatus. Essential oil obtained from the seeds of P. corylifolia showed potent toxicity against larvae and adult Cx. quinquefasciatus. The oil of P. corylifolia could be used as environmentally sound larvicidal and adulticidal agent for control of mosquitoes. Image: : Culex quinquefasciatus.
		Research A new rapid diagnostic test for detection of anti-Schistosoma mansoni and anti-Schistosoma haematobium antibodies Jean T Coulibaly, Eliézer K N’Goran, Jürg Utzinger, Michael J Doenhoff, Emily M Dawson Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:29 (29 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary In this study, we assessed the diagnostic performance of a new rapid diagnostic test that incorporates Schistosoma mansoni cercarial transformation fluid (SmCTF-RDT) for the detection of anti-S. mansoni and anti-S. haematobium antibodies by comparing it with microscopy for egg detection .Image: Two SmCTF-RDTs after adding a drop of whole blood and buffer in the cassette hole.
		Research Towards an effective control programme of soil-transmitted helminth infections among Orang Asli in rural Malaysia. Part 2: Knowledge, attitude, and practices Nabil A Nasr, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Abdulhamid Ahmed, Muhammad Aidil Roslan, Awang Bulgiba Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:28 (28 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary Knowledge, attitude and practices on STH infections among Orang Asli in rural Malaysia were found to be inadequate, indicating that proper health education should be integrated in any upcoming STH control programme. Image: Ova of STH detected in faecal samples
		Research Towards an effective control programme of soil-transmitted helminth infections among Orang Asli in rural Malaysia. Part 1: Prevalence and associated key factors Nabil A Nasr, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Abdulhamid Ahmed, Muhammad Roslan, Awang Bulgiba Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:27 (28 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This study reveals an alarmingly high prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections among Orang Asli children in rural Malaysia indicating an urgent need for a sustainable and effective control programme in these communities. Image: An Orang Asli village
		Research A flea and tick collar containing 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin prevents flea transmission of Bartonella henselae in cats Michael R Lappin, Wendell L Davis, Jennifer R Hawley, Melissa Brewer, Arianne Morris, Dorothee Stanneck Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:26 (25 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Ctenocephalides felis is a vector for Bartonella henselae and the organism can live in flea frass for at least 9 days. Wearing a collar containing imidacloprid and moxidectin blocked B. henselae infection amongst cats for 8 months. Image: Adult Ctenocephalides felis and frass.
		Research Identification and characterization of microRNAs in the pancreatic fluke Eurytrema pancreaticum Min-Jun Xu, Chun-Ren Wang, Si-Yang Huang, Jing-Hua Fu, Dong-Hui Zhou, Qiao-Cheng Chang, Xu Zheng, Xing-Quan Zhu Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:25 (25 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This study investigated the global miRNA expression profile of adult Eurytrema pancreaticum using next-generation sequencing technology combined with real-time quantitative PCR, and identified 14 novel miRNAs, providing novel resources for a better understanding of the parasite. Image: Adults of Eurytrema pancreaticum.
		Research Effects of Neospora caninum infection on brain microvascular endothelial cells bioenergetics Hany M Elsheikha, Charlotte L McKinlay, Nashwa A Elsaied, Paul A Smith Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:24 (25 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The study shows that the protozoan Neospora caninum is capable of invading, replicating and exiting human brain microvascular endothelial cells without disrupting their normal proliferation or mitochondrial integrity despite an increase in the infected cell respiration. Image: Immunofluorescence staining of N. caninum tachyzoites (green) and DAPI stained endothelial cell nuclei (blue).
		Research Ability to cause erythema migrans differs between Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates Ellen Tijsse-Klasen, Nenad Pandak, Paul Hengeveld, Katsuhisa Takumi, Marion PG Koopmans, Hein Sprong Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:23 (22 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. isolates, distinguished based on IGS and opsC sequences, differ in their propensity to cause erythema migrans. Furthermore, detection of identical ospC types in different genospecies indicates plasmid exchange. Image: Tick in a symbolic bull's eye.

	All
		Research Phylogeography of the neotropical Anopheles triannulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) supports deep structure and complex patterns Marta Moreno, Sara Bickersmith, Wesley Harlow, Jessica Hildebrandt, Sascha N McKeon, Teresa Fernandes Silva-do-Nascimento, Jose R Loaiza, Freddy Ruiz, Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira, Maria AM Sallum, Eduardo S Bergo, Gary N Fritz, Richard C Wilkerson, Yvonne M Linton, Maria J Dantur Juri, Yadira Rangel, Marinete M Póvoa, Lina A Gutiérrez-Builes, Margarita M Correa, Jan E Conn Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:47 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary We examined the molecular phylogenetic relationships and population structure of the species of the Anopheles triannulatus complex (Anopheles triannulatus s.s., Anopheles halophylus and the putative species Anopheles triannulatus C) using the mitochondrial COI gene, the nuclear white gene and rDNA ITS2. Image: Origin of the samples.
		Research Comparative field evaluation of combinations of long-lasting insecticide treated nets and indoor residual spraying, relative to either method alone, for malaria prevention in an area where the main vector is Anopheles arabiensis Fredros O Okumu, Edgar Mbeyela, Godfrey Lingamba, Jason Moore, Alex J Ntamatungiro, Deo R Kavishe, Michael G Kenward, Elizabeth Turner, Lena M Lorenz, Sarah J Moore Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:46 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary Where the primary malaria vector is Anopheles arabiensis, adding IRS into houses with intact pyrethroid based LLINs does not enhance protection, except where the IRS employs highly mosquitocidal non-pyrethroids. In contrast, adding intact nets onto IRS enhances protection by preventing mosquito blood feeding (even if the nets are non-insecticidal) and by modestly increasing mosquito mortality (in case of LLINs). The primary mode of action of intact LLINs against An. arabiensis is demonstrated here to be primarily bite prevention rather than insecticidal activity. Image: A diagrammatic representation of simultaneous use of bednets and indoor residual spraying in the same house.
		Research Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Spirocerca lupi: sequence, gene organization and phylogenetic implications Guo-Hua Liu, Yan Wang, Hui-Qun Song, Ming-Wei Li, Lin Ai, Xing-Long Yu, Xing-Quan Zhu Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:45 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Spirocerca lupi is 13,780 bp in length, including 12 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes and two rRNA genes, but lacks the atp8 gene, providing novel markers for studying the molecular epidemiology and population genetics of this parasite. Image: Arrangement of Spirocerca lupi mitochondrial genome.
		Research Blood meal origins and insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles arabiensis from Chano in South-West Ethiopia Fekadu Massebo, Meshesha Balkew, Teshome Gebre-Michael, Bernt Lindtjørn Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:44 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary The greater tendency of An. arabiensis to feed on cattle justifies the application of insecticides on cattle to provide a significant protection from malaria infection. But, An. arabiensis has already developed resistance to the available insecticides, and alternative insecticides are needed. Image: Domestic animals are in an open condition every night in the study village.
		Research Spatial abundance and clustering of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on a local scale Carsten Kirkeby, René Bødker, Anders Stockmarr, Peter Lind Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:43 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary We conducted a comprehensive study of the spatial distribution of Culicoides vectors on a single field. The impact of temporal and spatial factors was quantified. We identified a dynamic pattern of spatial clustering significantly affecting estimates of abundance. Image: An author in the light of one of the light traps used in the study.
		Research Development of an in vitro drug sensitivity assay for Trichuris muris first-stage larvae David Wimmersberger, Lucienne Tritten, Jennifer Keiser Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:42 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary We describe the development of a novel drug sensitivity assay for Trichuris muris first-stage larvae (L1). The established L1 motility assay provided accurate and reproducible drug effect data in vitro and will therefore serve as a useful tool in drug discovery for trichuriasis. Image: Trichuris muris first-stage larva.
		Research Multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Cameroon, Central Africa Philippe Nwane, Josiane Etang, Mouhamadou Chouaїbou, Jean Toto, Alphonsine Koffi, Rémy Mimpfoundi, Frédéric Simard Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:41 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This study reveals the involvement of kdr mutations and detoxification enzymes in insecticide resistance of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l from Cameroon and suggests the potential utility of synergists in mitigating resistance to insecticides. Image: A microplate showing simultaneous identification of kdr alleles in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l.
		Research Blastocystis infection in Malaysia: Evidence of waterborne and human-to-human transmissions among the Proto-Malay, Negrito and Senoi tribes of Orang Asli Tengku Shahrul Anuar, Mohamed Kamel Abdul Ghani, Siti Nor Azreen, Fatmah Md Salleh, Norhayati Moktar Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:40 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary This cross-sectional study reports the prevalence and risk factors of Blastocystis infection among three tribes of Orang Asli in Malaysia. Image: The Negrito tribe of Orang Asli.
		Research Can malaria vector control accelerate the interruption of lymphatic filariasis transmission in Africa; capturing a window of opportunity? Louise A Kelly-Hope, David H Molyneux, Moses J Bockarie Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:39 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This study examined the potential additive impact of malaria vector control in African countries that are endemic for lymphatic filariasis, and yet to start or fully scale-up mass drug administration for the elimination of disease. Image: Sub-national distribution of bed nets.
		Letter to the Editor Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans – focus on central and eastern parts of Europe Aleksander Masny, Elżbieta Gołąb, Danuta Cielecka, Rusłan Sałamatin Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:38 (22 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Over 60% of European human cases of Dirofilaria repens infection were detected in central and eastern Europe. Current geographic range of Acanthocheilonema reconditum and Dirofilaria immitis encompasses Poland. The question concerning the routes of spreading of vector-borne helminths in Europe remains open. Image:Cross-section of male Dirofilaria repens from subcutaneous nodule.
		Research The bionomics of Anopheles merus (Diptera: Culicidae) along the Kenyan coast Pamela C Kipyab, Battan M Khaemba, Joseph M Mwangangi, Charles M Mbogo Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:37 (14 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Aspects of the biology and ecology of Anopheles merus, a subspecies of Anopheles gambiae sl., are discussed. An. merus is found only along the East coast of Africa. Evidence-based findings from this study on its resting, feeding and transmission potential will be useful for the planning of control strategies for malaria vectors. Image: Sea water left behind after a tide in Garithe along the Kenyan coast, which is a typical breeding site of Anopheles merus.
		Research Transinfected Wolbachia have minimal effects on male reproductive success in Aedes aegypti Andrew P Turley, Myron P Zalucki, Scott L O’Neill, Elizabeth A McGraw Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:36 (11 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary The insect endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis is being tested in open field release as a biocontrol agent against dengue virus in mosquitoes. In male mosquitoes we show that sperm quality and ability to repeat mate are unaffected by Wolbachia, which bodes well for its capacity to spread into wild populations. Image: Blood fed female Aedes aegypti.
		Research Genetic characterization of Theileria equi infecting horses in North America: evidence for a limited source of U.S. introductions Carina M Hall, Joseph D Busch, Glen A Scoles, Kristina A Palma-Cagle, Massaro W Ueti, Lowell S Kappmeyer, David M Wagner Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:35 (11 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This study found North American Theileria equi were placed in two of the four previously described 18S groups. We also found a large amount of microsatellite diversity in U.S. isolates using a novel MSAT genotyping panel we developed using the first T. equi whole genome sequence. Image: Maltese cross formation within erythrocyte.
		Research Induction of long-lasting protective immunity against Toxoplasma gondii in BALB/c mice by recombinant surface antigen 1 protein encapsulated in poly (lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles Shu-Chun Chuang, Jing-Chun Ko, Chaio-Ping Chen, Jia-Tze Du, Chung-Da Yang Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:34 (11 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary We have successfully encapsulated rSAG1 with poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) polymers to produce stable microparticles that can induce long-lasting immunity to protect BALB/c mice against Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite infection. Image: PLG-encapsulated rSAG1 microparticles.
		Research Hybridization between two cestode species and its consequences for intermediate host range Tina Henrich, Daniel P Benesh, Martin Kalbe Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:33 (7 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Our study shows that hybridization between two highly host-specific fish parasites - Schistocephalus solidus and S. pungitii - is possible. The hybrids expand their host range and can, unlike their parental species, now infect both fish hosts. Image: Stickleback infected with multiple Schistocephalus plerocercoids.
		Research Analysis of kinetoplast cytochrome b gene of 16 Leishmania isolates from different foci of China: different species of Leishmania in China and their phylogenetic inference Bin-Bin Yang, Da-Li Chen, Jian-Ping Chen, Lin Liao, Xiao-Su Hu, Jia-Nan Xu Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:32 (5 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary In this paper, the cyt b gene of Leishmania from China was sequenced and analyzed using bioinformatics methods to discuss in detail the implications of relationships between strains in China and other locations. Image: The phylogenetic network of the Leishmania cyt b sequences was built with 1000 bootstrap replicates.
		Research Acetylcholinesterase of the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli): cDNA sequence, baculovirus expression, and biochemical properties Kevin B Temeyer, Danett K Brake, Alexander P Tuckow, Andrew Y Li, Adalberto A Pérez deLeón Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:31 (4 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The cDNA sequence encoding acetylcholinesterase of Phlebotomus papatasi was discovered and expressed in baculovirus, enabling biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme, a major target of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Image: Alignment of P. papatasi sequence to D. melanogaster AChE structure. Identical residues in red, variable in blue, gaps in grey (Courtesy A.P.Tuckow).
		Research Insecticidal and genotoxic activity of Psoralea corylifolia Linn. (Fabaceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 Virendra K Dua, Arvind Kumar, Akhilesh C Pandey, Sandeep Kumar Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:30 (4 February 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The present work describes the insecticidal and genotoxic activity of Psoralea corylifolia against Culex quinquefasciatus. Essential oil obtained from the seeds of P. corylifolia showed potent toxicity against larvae and adult Cx. quinquefasciatus. The oil of P. corylifolia could be used as environmentally sound larvicidal and adulticidal agent for control of mosquitoes. Image: : Culex quinquefasciatus.
		Research A new rapid diagnostic test for detection of anti-Schistosoma mansoni and anti-Schistosoma haematobium antibodies Jean T Coulibaly, Eliézer K N’Goran, Jürg Utzinger, Michael J Doenhoff, Emily M Dawson Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:29 (29 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary In this study, we assessed the diagnostic performance of a new rapid diagnostic test that incorporates Schistosoma mansoni cercarial transformation fluid (SmCTF-RDT) for the detection of anti-S. mansoni and anti-S. haematobium antibodies by comparing it with microscopy for egg detection .Image: Two SmCTF-RDTs after adding a drop of whole blood and buffer in the cassette hole.
		Research Towards an effective control programme of soil-transmitted helminth infections among Orang Asli in rural Malaysia. Part 2: Knowledge, attitude, and practices Nabil A Nasr, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Abdulhamid Ahmed, Muhammad Aidil Roslan, Awang Bulgiba Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:28 (28 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Cited on BioMed Central \| Editor’s summary Knowledge, attitude and practices on STH infections among Orang Asli in rural Malaysia were found to be inadequate, indicating that proper health education should be integrated in any upcoming STH control programme. Image: Ova of STH detected in faecal samples
		Research Towards an effective control programme of soil-transmitted helminth infections among Orang Asli in rural Malaysia. Part 1: Prevalence and associated key factors Nabil A Nasr, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Abdulhamid Ahmed, Muhammad Roslan, Awang Bulgiba Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:27 (28 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This study reveals an alarmingly high prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections among Orang Asli children in rural Malaysia indicating an urgent need for a sustainable and effective control programme in these communities. Image: An Orang Asli village
		Research A flea and tick collar containing 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin prevents flea transmission of Bartonella henselae in cats Michael R Lappin, Wendell L Davis, Jennifer R Hawley, Melissa Brewer, Arianne Morris, Dorothee Stanneck Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:26 (25 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| ePUB \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Ctenocephalides felis is a vector for Bartonella henselae and the organism can live in flea frass for at least 9 days. Wearing a collar containing imidacloprid and moxidectin blocked B. henselae infection amongst cats for 8 months. Image: Adult Ctenocephalides felis and frass.
		Research Identification and characterization of microRNAs in the pancreatic fluke Eurytrema pancreaticum Min-Jun Xu, Chun-Ren Wang, Si-Yang Huang, Jing-Hua Fu, Dong-Hui Zhou, Qiao-Cheng Chang, Xu Zheng, Xing-Quan Zhu Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:25 (25 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary This study investigated the global miRNA expression profile of adult Eurytrema pancreaticum using next-generation sequencing technology combined with real-time quantitative PCR, and identified 14 novel miRNAs, providing novel resources for a better understanding of the parasite. Image: Adults of Eurytrema pancreaticum.
		Research Effects of Neospora caninum infection on brain microvascular endothelial cells bioenergetics Hany M Elsheikha, Charlotte L McKinlay, Nashwa A Elsaied, Paul A Smith Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:24 (25 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary The study shows that the protozoan Neospora caninum is capable of invading, replicating and exiting human brain microvascular endothelial cells without disrupting their normal proliferation or mitochondrial integrity despite an increase in the infected cell respiration. Image: Immunofluorescence staining of N. caninum tachyzoites (green) and DAPI stained endothelial cell nuclei (blue).
		Research Ability to cause erythema migrans differs between Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates Ellen Tijsse-Klasen, Nenad Pandak, Paul Hengeveld, Katsuhisa Takumi, Marion PG Koopmans, Hein Sprong Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:23 (22 January 2013) Abstract \| Full text \| PDF \| PubMed \| Editor’s summary Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. isolates, distinguished based on IGS and opsC sequences, differ in their propensity to cause erythema migrans. Furthermore, detection of identical ospC types in different genospecies indicates plasmid exchange. Image: Tick in a symbolic bull's eye.